Special reference to jammu and kashmir

 Jammu and Kashmir, union territory of India (until October 31, 2019, a state), located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent centred on the plains around Jammu to the south and vale of to the north. The union territory is part of kashmir the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and china since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. Legislation passed in August 2019 set the stage for downgrading Jammu and Kashmir from statehood to union territory status and splitting off a part of it, known as the Ladakh region, into a separate union territory. The change went into effect on October 31 of that year, though several court cases affecting its status remained pending in the years that fofllowed.

Jammu and Kashmir, formerly one of the largest princely states of India, is bounded to the east by the Indian union territory of Ladakh, to the south by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and P

Jhelum River
Jhelum River

Jammu and Kashmir, union territory of India (until October 31, 2019, a state), located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent centred on the plains around Jammu to the south and the Vale of Kashmir to the north. The union territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. Legislation passed in August 2019 set the stage for downgrading Jammu and Kashmir from statehood to union territory status and splitting off a part of it, known as the Ladakh region, into a separate union territory. The change went into effect on October 31 of that year, though several court cases affecting its status remained pending in the years that followed.

Jammu and Kashmir, formerly one of the largest princely states of India, is bounded to the east by the Indian union territory of Ladakh, to the south by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, to the southwest by Pakistan, and to the northwest by the Pakistani-administered portion of Kashmir. The administrative capitals are Srinagar in summer and Jammu in winter. Area 16,309 square miles (101,387 square km). Pop. (2011) 12,367,013.

Land

Jammu and Kashmir, India: streams and settlements
Jammu and Kashmir, India: streams and settlements

The vast majority of the union territory is mountainous, and the physiography is divided into five zones that are closely associated with the structural components of the western Himalayas. From west to east those zones consist of the plains, the foothills, the Pir Panjal Range, the Vale of Kashmir, and the Great Himalayas zone. The climate varies from alpine on the eastern edge to subtropical in the southwest. In the alpine area average annual precipitation is about 3 inches (75 mm), but in the subtropical zone (around Jammu) rainfall amounts to about 45 inches (1,150 mm) per year. The entire region is prone to violent seismic activity, and light to moderate tremors are common. A strong earthquake centred in neighbouring Pakistani-administered Kashmir killed hundreds in Jammu and Kashmir state in 2005.

Jammu and Kashmir

union territory, India
Summary
Jhelum River
Jhelum River

Jammu and Kashmir, union territory of India (until October 31, 2019, a state), located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent centred on the plains around Jammu to the south and the Vale of Kashmir to the north. The union territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. Legislation passed in August 2019 set the stage for downgrading Jammu and Kashmir from statehood to union territory status and splitting off a part of it, known as the Ladakh region, into a separate union territory. The change went into effect on October 31 of that year, though several court cases affecting its status remained pending in the years that followed.

Jammu and Kashmir, formerly one of the largest princely states of India, is bounded to the east by the Indian union territory of Ladakh, to the south by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, to the southwest by Pakistan, and to the northwest by the Pakistani-administered portion of Kashmir. The administrative capitals are Srinagar in summer and Jammu in winter. Area 16,309 square miles (101,387 square km). Pop. (2011) 12,367,013.

Land

Jammu and Kashmir, India: streams and settlements
Jammu and Kashmir, India: streams and settlements

The vast majority of the union territory is mountainous, and the physiography is divided into five zones that are closely associated with the structural components of the western Himalayas. From west to east those zones consist of the plains, the foothills, the Pir Panjal Range, the Vale of Kashmir, and the Great Himalayas zone. The climate varies from alpine on the eastern edge to subtropical in the southwest. In the alpine area average annual precipitation is about 3 inches (75 mm), but in the subtropical zone (around Jammu) rainfall amounts to about 45 inches (1,150 mm) per year. The entire region is prone to violent seismic activity, and light to moderate tremors are common. A strong earthquake centred in neighbouring Pakistani-administered Kashmir killed hundreds in Jammu and Kashmir state in 2005.

The plains

The narrow zone of plains landscape in the Jammu region is characterized by interlocking sandy alluvial fans that have been deposited by streams discharging from the foothills and by a much-dissected pediment (eroded bedrock surface) covered by loams and loess (wind-deposited silt) of Pleistocene age (about 11,700 to 2,600,000 years old). Precipitation is low, amounting to about 15 to 20 inches (380 to 500 mm) per year, and it occurs mainly in the form of heavy but infrequent rain showers during the summer monsoon (June to September The countryside has been almost entirely denuded of trees, and thorn scrub and coarse grass are the dominant forms of vegetation.Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) has been a region of enduring geopolitical significance and complexity, largely due to its unique historical, cultural, and religious diversity. The region's history is marked by its accession to India in 1947, following the partition of British India, with the understanding that it would have a special autonomous status under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution.Article 370 granted J&K a degree of autonomy, allowing it to have its constitution, flag, and significant control over its internal affairs. However, this special status was revoked by the Indian government in August 2019, leading to the bifurcation of the state into two union territories: Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh.The move was met with varying reactions. Supporters argued that it could promote economic development, enhance integration with the rest of India, and potentially bring stability to the region. Critics, however, expressed concerns about the loss of autonomy, potential demographic changes, and the impact on the region's political and cultural identity.Since the revocation of Article 370, the region has undergone significant changes. Indian central laws have been extended to J&K, and political processes are gradually being restored. Efforts are being made to attract investment for development projects aimed at improving infrastructure, education, and healthcare.Jammu and Kashmir's political landscape is diverse, featuring various political parties with differing viewpoints on governance, autonomy, and relations with the Indian government. These parties play a vital role in shaping the region's political discourse.The situation in J&K continues to be a matter of both national and international interest. It reflects the intricate challenges of addressing regional autonomy within the framework of a diverse and democratic nation like India while navigating complex geopolitical dynamics in the region. The story of Jammu and Kashmir remains one of significance, highlighting the ongoing pursuit of stability, development, and peaceful coexistence in this historically rich and diverse region.

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